Mckusik kaufman syndrome

A 12-years-old male child presented with polydactyly and syndactyly of hands, hypospadias, AND undescended testes. He was a known case of Tetrology of Fallot. One important differential in our case was Bardet-Biedl syndrome, but it was ruled out due to lack of evidence of central obesity, mental retardation and retinitis pigmentosa. At this time, there is no molecular testing available to distinguish these two syndromes.

study of waste generation, collection and disposal in a tertiary hospital

Hospitals produce both infectious and non-infectious waste that is often mixed thus rendering the entire waste infectious, and making its handling, collection, transportation and disposal more difficult, expensive and sometimes dangerous. This direct observational study was conducted to measure the type and quantity of infectious and non-infectious hospital waste in a tertiary care hospital at Rawalpindi. A comprehensive quantitative as well as qualitative assessment was made of waste generation in departments and wards as well as its segregation, collection, transportation and disposal. Waste was categorised into three types, "infectious", "sharps" and "municipal" and weighed. Moreover, the prevailing practices of waste management by hospital staff were observed The average waste generation rate in different wards was found to be 1.35 Kg/bed/day. The maximum infectious waste was being generated in surgical wards. The waste was neither properly segregated, nor transported and disposed of in a scientific manner, posing immense risks to the hospital patients and staff as well as the public at large. Solid waste was being dumped in the open within the hospital grounds, to be removed sporadically by the municipality. Untreated liquid waste was being discharged into the sewerage system. In conclusion, collection and disposable system of the hospital waste was not satisfactory, and required to be address as soon as possible

Prevalence of hypertension in punjab

To determine the prevalence of hypertension amongst the people of Punjab. Sampling design: a two stage stratified sample design was adopted for the survey, primary sampling Units [PSUs] and Secondary Sampling Units [SSUs]. Setting: Urban and Rural, Punjab 1990-1993. Subjects: Stratified systematic sample of 3991 males and females aged 18 years and above. Out of sample population 18.9% were smoker, 1.6% diabetics, 15% had high serum cholesterol level, 18.9% overweight and 4.7% were obese The prevalence of hypertension was 17.7% in adult population of Punjab. Among hypertensive 96.2% have mild hypertension 1.6% moderate hypertension and 2.2% have severe hypertension and among them 18.2% had isolated systolic hypertension, 42.3% isolated diastolic hypertension and 36.5% had combine hypertension The statistically significant association was found between hypertension and its risk factors [Blood glucose, serum cholesterol and body mass index.] No statistically significant association was detected between hypertension and smoking The prevalence of hypertension increased significantly according to increase in age. Hypertension was more prevalent among male as compare to female. The prevalence of hypertension was more in urban population than rural but this is due to high body mass index, high blood glucose and high serum cholesterol level of urban population. Among hypertensive 18.6% were aware about their hypertensive condition and only 12.5% were using antihypertensive drugs. Among antihypertensive drug user 37.9% have controlled hypertension

Poliomyelitis as an etiology of acute flaccid paralysis and its epidemiology

According to confirmed total polio cases in the world the incidence in Pakistan has decreased from 20% in 1997 to 6% in 1998. To find out the relative incidence of the poliomyelitis and to assess its epidemiological variables, a prospective open clinical study of acute flaccid paralysis [AFP] was carried out. A total of 44 patients with AFP were admitted to the Paediatric Medicine-II, Nishtar Hospital, Multan, during April 95 to August 96. Thirty of these patients completed the study and their stool samples were sent for the isolation of polio virus. Only 12 of these were positive for polio virus. It was P-1, wild type virus. The 6 of polio virus excretors were completely vaccinated, 3 partially vaccinated and 3 non-vaccinated. As a whole 25 [83%] were vaccinated [13 complete and 12 partial] and 8 [27%] of these had taken polio drops only on National Immunization Days [NIDs]. The cases mostly occurred during early and late summer. The maximum of cases were under 5 years [93%] and half of the total were less than 1.5 years. The majority belonged to male, lower socioeconomic and urban group

Polioimmunizations status and acute flaccid paralysis at Multan

A prospective, cohort, open clinical study was carried out to assess the immunization/ vaccination status of children presenting with acute flaccid paralysis [AFP]. A total of 44 patients with acute flaccid paralysis were admitted to the Pediatric Medicine-Il, Nishtar Hospital, Multan during April 95 to August 96. Thirty of these patients were labelled as "Probable Poliomyelitis" and their stool samples were sent for isolation of polio virus. Polio virus type-I was isolated in 12 patients. Four [33.33 percent] of these were fully vaccinated while three [25 percent] were partially vaccinated; three cases [25 percent] were nonvaccinated and 2 [16.66 percent] bad taken polio drops on the National Immunization Days [NID] for polio eradication. Necessary measures have been suggested to improve the Immunization situation

Prevalence of rota virus infection

Samples of faeces were collected from 180 infants and children suffering from acute diarrhoea and from an equal number of control subjects. Presence of rota virus was looked by enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay [ELISA]. Of the 180 children with diarrhoea, 35 [19.44%] showed presence of rota virus with maximum incidence of 21.17% in below 12 months age group. Out of 35 positive cases, 5 were associated with bacterial pathogens. In the remaining 30, rota virus was the sole pathogen identified. Among the 180 aged matched control children without out diarrhoea only 2 [1.1%] showed presence of rota virus

Study of lipid profile, blood pressure and blood glucose in rural population

Cardiovascular risk factors i.e blood pressure, serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoproteins and blood glucose were studied in 167 adults [78 males, 89 females], aged 15-80 years of village Chak Mithan, Muzafargarh. Height, weight and data concerning dietary habits and smoking were also recorded. Results showed higher mean levels of HDLC in the female group as compared to aged matched males. The mean level of cholesterol is higher in females as compared to males. HDLC when studied among various age groups showed a gradual rise in females but no definite change in the males until 54 years of age after which it started to decline in Both the sexes. In the age group 14 - 44 years, the serum cholesterol values were high in females as compared to age matched males, and in a age group 45-74 years, the cholesterol values were lower in females as compared to age matched males. In females, the level of triglycerides increased between 15-74 years. However, in males the values of triglycerides were fairly constant between 15-44 years of age and then a fall was observed. No significant difference was found between blood glucose level in male and female adults. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were found to be higher in males as compared to females. In the age group 35-74 years, HDLC/total cholesterol percentage ratio was higher in females as compared to males and it is lower in the age group 15-34 HDLC/total cholesterol ratio was lowest in the last age group 55-74 years

prospective analysis of thyroid profile with the emphasis on Grave's disease

This study suggests that there is no relationship between the clinical assessment of disease severity and serum levels of thyroid hormone in untreated Grave's disease. Potential variables such as cellular responsiveness to thyroid hormone and/or catecholamines and their resultant effect to produce hyperthyroid symptoms could contribute to the lack of a linear relationship between serum thyroid hormone levels and severity of thyrotoxic symptoms

Study of blood pressure, serum lipid, cholesterol and triglycerides in diabetic patients

This study was undertaken to examine the level of blood pressure in diabetic patients and assess their relationship with body mass index [BMI] serum lipid, cholesterol and triglyceride. The mean values +/- S.D of fasting plasma glucose, body mass index, serum total lipid, serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride and blood pressure of 202 diabetic patients attending out patients clinic of the National Health Survey of Pakistan, P5U, Quetta, Pishin and Sibi were 213.8 +/- 3.6 mg/dl, 26.6 +/- 6.45 Kg/m 2, 827.7 +/- 22.4 mg/dl, 186.8 +/- 3.2 mg/dl 145.3 +/- 6.2 mg/dl and 138.4 +/- 2.7/85.6 +/- 1.2 mm of Hg respectively. The mean levels of all variables were significantly higher in female patients than their male counter parts. Correlations were present between blood pressure levels and age/BMI/Serum total lipids. There was significant correlation between systolic blood pleasure and duration of diabetes. Serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride levels correlate with diastolic blood pressure levels only